In Defence of Harry Flashman Essay Example for Free

In Defence of Harry minuteman EssayIt is understandable why the first mention of the character of Harry Flashman the opportunistic philanderer of his Majestys service who lied and cheated his cowardly way through the Victorian pages of his fictional memoirs by George MacDonald Fraser is enough to deter the browsing lady, though far be it from anyone to say it should.Since patterns of book-buying snake across the sexes like a flailing sidewinder, it would be hopeless to say as to where on the shop shelf the hand might lay to rest. Nevertheless, for a series of stories far too overlooked for the publics common good, what could the former(a)wise fairer sex also find to appreciate in a man whose seize seems as fictitious as the women who fall for it? To put it more than than simply skunk this man to borrow the blurb be all bad?If the call off Flashman is shouting forward from the back of your mind, dare the Lord Flashheart be named as the bothering heckler? Dont think him an unwanted associate, for Blackadders slavering womaniser could be seen as an exaggeration of the Flashman contribution and certainly close to what Harry himself may have become had he not, by hand and boot of queen and empire, been thrown into the Flemingesque scenarios he haphazardly emerged from, virtually the wiser and better-shaped.Unlike the all-consuming debauchery of his comedic counterpart, Harrys lechery is merely a tempered impetus punctuating his desire for the face comforts that makes for the only form of patriotism youll see in him, if you can call it patriotism the patriotism of Bond it most certainly is not. What differs Harry from James is awareness, and when taking stock, the idiom trumps the ammo. It would be daft to credit Harrys decision devising with the weighing of political consequence, however that would be a laughable excuse something he doesnt begin to admit.Its fear that has his mind running back to the jolly English riff-raff and the spread of bed s that await. Though isnt to think with your legs the best strategy for the reporter? Reluctant maybe, Harry is a better reporter than he is a soldier. This cowardice unbroken him alive til a time when he could afford to admit the truth. Concerning the First Afghan War, the truth just about a man, General Elphinestone who single-handedly stripped the shopping center from his ranks as he rung them through the Khord-Kabul pass on their retreat from Afghanistan.Long after witnessing rom on high, the massacre of the regiments from which he had high-tailed the night before, Flashman verbally guts he whom he declares No fate could be bad enough for I still state unhesitatingly, that for pure, vacillating stupidity, for superb incompetence to command, for ignorance combine with bad judgement in short for the true talent for catastrophe, Elphy outshines all as the niftyest military idiot of our own or any other day Now what a sorry waste of insightful wit it would have been to have i t lost amidst the idiot pride of a fellow more gallant than Harry.Elphinestone is not alone Harry considers many of the figures he meets to be to varying degrees morons, despite his care to concede a grace here and there. Its no surprise that he met such a top-heavy pile of fools he was, after all, involved in some of the worst disasters of British imperialism all the more reason to flee when he could. But you know the fastidious type. Perhaps youve a friend whom fits this description, in which case, youll understand how empowering it feels to have them praise you youre worth a cheerWhen chance encounter pairs Harry with one he considers of rare dignity, you too, as the reader, hold them as praiseworthy, or rather, worthy of investigation. It was in 1842 when he jumped into the comportment of Lola Montez an Irish dancer girl turned adventuress of Europe whose life was spent playing with kingdoms as one might romantically say. Her appearances in Royal Flash are glimpses moments too brief to capture her entirety, yet he alludes to a life beyond the pages with so delicate a respect that one is godlike to follow. Whilst Harry never himself existed, he may as comfortably have.Its very easy to speak of his personality as anything but fictional. Perhaps to no great surprise considering we get to know the fellow through his own confessions, worded not merely to the benefit of his own authenticity, either. The true blue honesty rubs off well onto those he brushes shoulders with. Its what we have to thank this bounder for dramatising without disfiguring a past of characters pallid to most today and enriching the pursuit of history for ourselves. Harry once said about the Earl of Cardigan, that some human faults are military virtues for Harry, some human faults are literary virtues.

Situation Essay Example for Free

Situation EssaySituation AAn employee took time off due to his wife giving birth prematurely. His pass on time off was approved by his original man periodr as the employee qualified for FMLA since he has been with the company for two years and was for the deal out of his spouse. Under (1)FMLA rules accepted employees can be provided up to 12 weeks unpaid, job-protected grant per year. The employee must exercise for the company at least 12 months, have at least 1250 hours during the 12 months and the where the employee reverse, the company must employ at least 50 employees within 75 miles. (1) Eligible reasons for leave to be granted to an employee are * birth and care of the newborn child of an employee* givement with the employee of a child for adoption or foster care * to care for an immediate family member (spouse, child, or parent) with a unsafe health condition or to take medical leave when the employee is unable to work because of a serious health condition.The em ployee requested to return to work afterward 11 weeks, his new manager approved his return along with his pay prior to his leave from the company. The employees request for payment of his salary while he was on leave for 11 weeks was not approved. The company would not be in violation of FMLA rules if the new manager decides not to pay the employee. (1)FMLA states that leave is to be unpaid and therefore the company has the right not to pay. The company complied with all the FMLA eligibility rules when they granted leave and reinstated the employee to his original position and pay rate at the closedown of his 11 week leave to care for his wife and new born children. If the company provides sick or vacation time an employee can take this during their time off. Its an unfortunate situation for the employee and the company.The returning employees original manager left the company during the employees leave and approved his being paid during his leave I feel the adjacent actions shou ld take place. First, attempts to contact the previous manager to confirm the employees statement and upon confirmation payment should be granted. Second, the company should array a gesture of good faith and up h aged(prenominal) the original managers agreement. Third, an amendment to company policy should be put in place to cover future events. Written and signed by both management and employee to the exact terms agreed upon prior to leave under FMLA are to be taken. This is for the protection of the company and their employees.Situation BA company conducts its annual review in which the results reveal one of its senior employees (68yr old) is doing exemplary work and another younger employee (32yr old) is doing average work. The promotion was given to the younger (32yr old) employee over the senior (68yr old) employee due to his age. Even though the fact that the senior employees work was above par in comparison to the younger employee. The company is in direct violation of the A DEA of 1967 which states (2)certain applier and employees who are 40 years of age and older are protected from discrimination on the basis of age in hiring, promotion, discharge, compensation, or terms, conditions or privileges of employment. In this case the 68 year old employee could sue the company based on Age Discrimination and win.Situation CA say-so applicant who is wheelchair bound due to paralysis of his trim extremities applied for an open position with company x. The applicant would collect to have access to all seven floors in order to do their job. The company would need to provide reasonable accommodations. Company X denied the potential applicant because of undue hardship that would be brought on the company for retro fitting the elevator keypads in two of the four elevators to accommodate the potential applicant needs to gain access to all the floors.After reviewing the American Disabilities Act of 1990 and the needs of the potential applicant to determine whethe r retro fitting the existing elevator keypads would create an undue hardship to Company X or not I found the following (34) Reasonable accommodation is any change or adjustment to the work environment that would allow the disabled worker to perform the essential functions of the job or to allow the disabled worker to enjoy the benefits and privileges of employment equal to employees without disabilities. These additional accessibility alterations are only required to the extent that the added accessibility costs do not exceed 20% of the cost of the original alteration. However, the facility is obligated up to the 20% limit. The path of travel requirement covers elevators, ramps, doorways, pathways, drinking fountains, phones, work topographic point etc.Company X should provide backup documentation that shows retro fitting the elevators would exceed 20% therefore creating the undue hardship. The only secondary suggestion would be not to retro fit the elevators. Two of the four are not in need of retro fitting so if the potential applicant could safely gain access to all seven floors and still be in compliance with ADA then Company X would be and only then be in violation of ADA when they denied the applicant employment.

Strategy and Positioning Paper Essay Example for Free

Strategy and Positioning Paper EssayIntroductionStarbucks is preparing to launch the new Frizzo go through crafted washing soda. This paper allow implicate an overview of Starbucks and their products. It will as well include a SWOT analysis and a militant analysis of the organization and offering using the Porters five emulous forces model. It will include the criteria used to segment the commercialize and select a luff market that will include geographic, demographic, and psychographic, and behavioral factors. Next it will include a description of the tar perk uped market and the needs that cause the target market to buy. Finally, it will include a written positioning statement.Starbucks all overviewStarbucks legacy began in 1971, in Seattles Pike Place market as a roaster and retailer of whole bean and ground java, tea, and spices (Starbucks, 2015). The go with was sold to Howard Schultz 1987. His vision to bring the Italian deep brown bars and the romance coffee accept to the fall in States became a reality he was determined to make it a ane of a merciful company. The Starbucks name was derived from the first mate in Herman Melvilles Moby Dick, and their emblem was influenced by the sea featuring a twin-tailed siren Greek mythology (Starbucks, 2015).To sidereal day, Starbucks has the privilege to operate in 21,878 retail stores in 66 countries. Starbucks stores be a gathering place for customers to meet with friends and family while cod it offing whole step service and an inviting atmosphere. Starbucks customers can expect to get more than coffee, with their liberal selection of premium teas, baked pastries, and other healthy delicious foods (Starbucks, 2015).According to Starbucks (2015), Starbucks mission is to to inspire and nurture the human spirit one person, one cup, and one neighborhood at a time (Our Mission). The company believes in the importance of building an everlasting business, and it strives to give birth a balan ce between profitability and a social conscience (Starbucks, 2015). In ein truth step Starbucks takes, it is ever performed through the lens of humanity. The company is very adamant ab let on ethically sourcing the lastest quality of coffee, condole with for the planet through environmental stewardship, and getting involved in their communities.According to Statistics and Facts on Starbucks (n.d.), Starbucks has generated by far the most revenue and the largest number of stores planetary inwardly the coffee chain industry (para.3). It became the second most valuable fast food brand worldwide in 2014, coming right below the entirely global giant McDonalds (Statistics and Facts on Starbucks, n.d.). Starbucks has get down a long way, and it has no intentions of slowing down.Description of the ProductInnovation is in Starbucks DNA, they are always thinking about how to serve their customers better. A company that began as a roaster and retailer of coffee beans and ground coffee, tea, and spices, is now an all-American global company coffee chain. It is now, component hot and iced coffee bever periods along with other exceptional products such as teas, and smoothies. Starbucks introduces a new refreshing beverage off from coffee and tea. It wanted to hunch if it can be more than coffee to its customers, by introducing the New Frizzo Handcrafted Soda. This machine is a breakthrough in carbonation technology delivering a unique soda experience.The soda experience is nothing like the sodas customers secure in a store. Fizzo ensures every ingredient is carbonated to maximize the real flavor (Starbucks news , 2015). In addition, the new Fizzo machine comes with a fizz ad undecomposeder, to adjust the right criterion of fizz in each beverage. And better yet, it is made by hand the moment the customer orders it. The new Fizzo sodas come in three different flavors the Golden Ginger Ale, Lemon Ale, and Spiced Root Beer (Starbucks, 2015). Fizzo drinks only hav e 100calories in a Grande size (16 fl. oz.), and 80 calories in a Tall size (12 fl.oz). They are a special summer treat to any customer who wants to enjoy a refreshing soda any day of the week. The new Fizzo cold drink is available at all local Starbucks locations.SWOT AnalysisStrengths run efficiencies and strong growth lead to superior financial performance2014 was just considered one of the best financial years for Starbucks. Starbucks revenue increased by 10%, approximately 1599 additional stores were opened, profit and operational margins have grew and their cash flow continued robust despite the vast growth.In China, Starbucks has the rapidest growing store internet as opposed to their competitionIn the year 2011 they were only 570 Starbucks locations in China, now there are currently 1,367. There are more Starbucks locations than costa Coffee and Dunkin Donuts combined However, McDonalds still leads with over 2000 locations.Leading brand in the coffee market, valued at $5.2 billionStarbucks has a leading brand nature because of their excellent coffee and outstanding customer service. Its brand is the most valuable brand the in coffee market and is valued at $5.2 billion.The great Starbucks experienceOne of Starbuckss strongest receiptss is the experience a customer experiences when visiting Starbucks. They cater to their customers with impeccable blended coffee, first-class music, welcoming staff and just and all near warm atmosphere, which results in incomparable customer service.The effective use of the Starbucks Card, loyalty program, and mobile applications, to simplify the ordering process and to promote continual purchasesThe Starbucks Card is a stored reward card and is convenient to use whenmaking a purchase at Starbucks locations. Along with a quicker checkout time, customers who use their cards to put up for their items also receive points for their purchases. The Starbucks Rewards Program lures consumers to return to Starbucks and, of c ourse, make continuous purchases. Going above and beyond the Starbucks Card, there is now a mobile application, which allows customers to pay with their Smartphones. Over 6 million customers use their Smartphone to make purchases weekly.WeaknessToo dependent on their profits within the Americas DivisionAmerican Division including the United States, Puerto Rico, Brazil, Canada and other America countries makes up for the 73% or $11.98 billion of Starbucks total sales. Out of the 14,191 stores in the America division, 11,962 stores are located within the United States. Making the United States their most relevant market.The cost of coffee beans has a considerable impacted on profitsProfits and the scathe of coffee greatly depend on the cost of coffee beans. Coffee beans are considered an uncontrollable commodity, and due to unreliable weather conditions, hedge funds and many other elements, Starbucks is unable to estimate the price of its coffee and their companys profitability.The p rice for a cup of CoffeeStarbucks has incredible coffee and an amazing customer experience which allows them to charge more for their product. On the other hand, McDonalds McCafe premium coffee is priced significantly lower than Starbucks.Harmful publicityThe corporation regularly receives negative exposure over its poor efforts of becoming environment-friendly company and tax evasions. Starbucks has not paid taxes for years 2009 through 2011 in the United Kingdom and other European Countries for the revenue of 1.3 billion.OpportunitiesGrow the teatimevana store networkTea is categorized as a healthy drink and the demand for Tea is rapidlyincreasing in the world. Tea is the most popular manufactured drink consumed in the world (Mac Farlane, 2004). Sales of tea products have grown from $1.84 billion to $10.41 billion in 2013 within the United States (The Tea Association of the U.S.A, 2013).Branch out their supplier networkCurrently, Starbucks does not grow their coffee beans they pur chase them from a variety of suppliers, which are primarily bunched in Arabia, South America or Africa. In order for Starbucks to guarantee critical product for their operations in Asia, they should branch out their supplier network and ease the dependence of good or toughened harvests from their current supplier locations. Starbucks should consider extending its supplier system.A growth of an emerging economyThere are vast opportunities for coffee sales in India, in which Starbucks only has a minimal amount of restaurants.ThreatsPossible rise in the price of coffee beans because of unpredictable weather disastersCoffee beans are the chief genuine used, and coffee makes up about half of the total companys sales. Therefore, the profit margins are to some extent reliant on the cost of the coffee beans. In 2011, the cost of coffee beans skyrocketed to $3 a pound (Kollewe, 2011). Over the past few years, pricing has been very unpredictable.Trademark breachesStarbucks has been implicat ed in several(prenominal) instances over its illegal use of its trademark, which can be pricey and harmful for Starbucks.Potential upcoming change in some of the top executivesSince 1985, Howard Schultz has been a very productive and reliable CEO, who managed to develop Starbucks into on the biggest restaurant chains in the world. Along with Howard Schultz, there are many other key executives who have been employed at Starbucks for more than ten years and they have all contributed to the success of Starbucks. The danger here is that many of these key executives are in the age grade for retirement. During his attempt to leave in 2008, Starbucks convinced Troy Alstead to stay becausehe was the most qualified candidate to fill the position of Howard Schultz as CEO. Unfortunately, Troy Alstead unexpended Starbucks at the beginning of 2015 (Callan and Giammona, 2015). This change could possibly be a threat to the weaken Starbucks management capabilities.Porters Five Competitive Forces Starbucks is a competitive organization, and the Porters five competitive forces are as such. Starbucks customers have a hefty amount of dicker power, and there is a small amount of customers who will not go elsewhere due to high prices, even though, there is a vast amount of choices available to them. The threat is substantial with leaf products and services. Alternative for Starbucks Coffee include tea, soft drinks, juices, water and energy drinks, and pubs, and bars can be areas for customers to meet someone and fell their quality time away from home and work environments. There is no threat of new companys in the coffee business trying to compete with Starbucks.The market is highly saturated, and the substantial amount of financial resources needed to build stores and buy properties are necessary in order to enter the market of the coffee making business. Starbucks and the suppliers have a higher bargaining power because the consumer demand for coffee is high at the universal level. Coffee beans can and will be produced only in certain areas. African coffee producers are being treated unfairly by worldwide companies, and the issues are being resolved with the efforts of various non-related government organizations and this increases the bargaining power of the suppliers.Criteria use to Segment the MarketStarbucks decides to choose the demographics and psychographics lifestyles of their customers. The information collected pertaining to these segments suggests that Starbucks can better serve its consumers. Psychographics are primarily based on the consumers activities, opinions, and interests, it is how their consumers spend their time, what their preferred drinks are and what their priorities are, also how they feel about certain current events and issues. Psychographic research is together related to psychological research, especially when it comes to personality and attitude measurements. though the factors such as personality and behavior are often u sed to describe marketing segments, the consumers demographic characteristicsshould be used to evaluate the size of the target market and to reach it efficiently.Demographics is items such as sex, marital status, occupation, education, and income. Starbucks targets both male and female consumers, mainly 25-40 year-olds. Starbucks does not relate to a younger crowd because children under the age of 18 do not drink coffee. Starbucks company has positioned themselves in a way that it can recognize something different in their products from competition this gives them an reinforcement in association to their competitors.The mission of Starbucks is that they want to inspire and nurture the human spirit, one person, one cup, one neighborhood at a time (Starbucks, 2015). Their schema is customer based this allows them to give the best customer service possible. As Starbucks continue to hold onto their sustainable competitive advantage, they hold onto the customer and employees satisfacti on. Starbucks is a worldwide company that has slammed the competitors operations, and it looks as if the company will last forever. Their power over the consumer and competition has shown that Starbucks is the king of the coffee industry.Description of Target MarketStarbucks target market is to focus on being most known and respected brand in the world. The luxury coffee industry is very competitive, but Starbucks offers the most favorite hot and cold beverages that can be addictive. Starbucks target market ranges from young teenagers, college students, and adults. People of all ages go to Starbucks to enjoy their favorite drink even if it is just coffee. Customers are more willing to pay for lavish coffee products now more than ever, with that in mind, Starbucks aggressive growth in USA and worldwide have begun targeting almost every demographic to be a leader in coffee drinks. McDonalds and other chains try to cash in on the notes in the lavish coffee business.There are smaller c offee shops in the market place offering similar products, but Starbucks has a great deal of buying power giving them a competitive advantage. McDonalds has a customer base that is enormously large and now has the alternative to get their coffee where they get their breakfast. McDonalds cup of coffee is less expensive than Starbucks and is one of Starbucks biggest competitors in this economy Starbucks provides a luxury drink, but that will be what people cut back on when they want to save money. Unfortunately, Starbuckshas closed of over a hundred Starbucks stores in recent years.Emotional and Logical DriversStarbucks excited and logical drivers provide a great atmosphere to get together for coffee or the unique flavored hot or cold beverages. Customers can come to Starbucks to study, meet with friends, or read a book. The furnishings usually consist of plenty of tables, chairs, and a welcoming atmosphere. Starbucks offers free Wi-Fi and always has plenty of electrical outlets for laptop chargers. These creature comforts start a trendy atmosphere consistent with the potential of social meeting places. The Starbucks locations worldwide offer the same experience as the locations in USA. Starbucks has the advantage to promote and advertise same menu items people can try worldwide and even customize some the of menu items to fit the local connection tastes.Positioning StatementAccording to the OFarrell (2015) website, Starbucks primary target market is men and women aged 25 to 40. They account for almost half (49 percent) of its total business. Starbucks appeal to this consumer age group through hip, contemporary design that is consistent with its advertising and decor, and working to keep its products current as status symbols. Customers tend to be urbanites with relatively high income, professional careers and a focus on social welfare. This target audience grows at a rate of 3 percent annually (Para 2).Based on a personal consumers standpoint, many customers return to Starbucks every morning not because their coffee is the best quality. Most of the people in my circle, including myself, used to purchase Starbucks coffee because of the experience that it goes into the purchasing process. It is no surprise that the company uses millions of dollars to study the experience the consumers encounter in each and every step they take in the lead getting a coffee in their hands. Furthermore, a lot of customers including myself enjoy the reward who would not want to enjoy a nice brewed coffee to begin with a long day? Lastly, I would say purchasing a Starbucks coffee exhibits some egocentric drive or personal, or perhaps shows a level of the individuals social economic and of course, we cannot leave out the socialenergyStarbucks is not just the number one specialty coffee retailer in its industry for no reason. And it is not just because of their high market cap rate. The corporation serves their famous coffee drinks, their food items and roast ed beans along with their coffee accessories, and teas. Starbucks markets its coffee through many military installations around the world, grocery stores including Target, bookstores like Barns and Noble, and other varieties of licensed brands food and beverage products.Additionally, although countless studies and research are put into solving and resolving target issues, one of the most outstanding resolutions that Starbucks ever demonstrated was in January of 2008. According to Nbc News (2015), Howard Schultz said Monday (January 2008) he is taking back the role of chief executive, replacing CEO Jim Donald as part of a plan to turn around the struggling chain of coffee houses.Schultz, in a letter to employees posted on the companys website, said Starbucks would slow its United States growth and close underperforming locations, restructure its management organization, and continue to expand globally.(Para 1-2)The spider check (2015) website listed that among the many competitors Starbucks has to war with McDonalds is leading the global market competitors list. Costa Coffee, Coca-Cola, Caribou Coffee Costa Express, and Coke are also amongst the list of competitors in that order.One of the most enthralling advantages that Starbucks have over any of its competitors is the experience. Not anyone of the other competitors could compete on any given day the amount of returning customers that stay and enjoy the social environment that Starbucks proudly offers. Starbucks has achieved their goal of attracting people to come and visit.ConclusionStarbucks is preparing to launch the new Frizzo hand crafted soda. Their targeted market will be consumers from 18 40 years of age. Starbucks hasthe advantage because they are already popular. People already gather at Starbucks to enjoy high quality drinks and food items and to enjoy the Starbucks experience. They have comfortable large couches, free Wi-Fi, phone charging station, and rewards program for loyal customers. Some consumer have made Starbucks part of their normal mundane which will allow Starbucks to stay in business for a long period of time.ReferenceCallan, J and Giammona, C. (2015) Starbucks Operating Chief Will Go on Leave After 23 Years. Retrieved from https//www.bloomberg.com/new/2015-01-08/starbucks-coo-alstead-takes-leave-from-chain-after-23-years.html Kollewe, J. (2011) Coffee prices expected to rise as a result of poor harvest and growing demand. Macfarlane, A and Macfarlane, I. (2004). The pudding stone of Tea. The Overlook Press. p. 32. Nbc news. (2015). Retrieved from http//www.nbcnews.com/id/22544023/ns/business-us_business/t/starbucks-chairman-schultz-returning-ceo/.VTX9ZEJppnE New Fizzio Handcrafted sodas. Made just for you. (2015). Retrieved from http//www.starbucks.com/ OFarrell, R. (2015). Chron. Retrieved from http//smallbusiness.chron.com/starbucks-target-audience-10553.html Perreault, W. D., Jr., Cannon, J. P., McCarthy, E. J. (2011). Basic marketing A marketing stra tegy planning approach (19th ed.). New York, NY McGraw-Hill Irwin. Starbucks . (2015). Retrieved from http//www.starbucks.com/ Statistics and facts on Starbucks. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.statista.com/ Spider book. (2015). Retrieved from http//spiderbook.com/starbucks-competitors.html The Tea Association of the U.S.A (2013). The State of the U.S. Tea Industry 2013. Retrieved from http//www.teausa.com/14654/state-of-the-industry Wong, Vanessa. (2015). Now Brewing Starbucks Soda. Retrieved from http//www.bloomberg.com/

Mental health nursing exam

cordial health nursing examPhil Maude and Alistair Ross Question 1. (6 marks)Search for the Victorian MH proceed on the web and define the sp ar-time activity cost1.1. Approved Mental wellness Service The Mental wellness Act (1986) defined an clear cordial health military service as a service or premises which either entitle to be an approved noetic health service under arm 94 or declared to be one under section 94A as a place where intercession merchant ship be provided to persevering ofs under the Act. For example, the psychiatrical in- diligent units of public hospitals are typically proclaimed as approved mental health function.1.2. Community Treatment Order Community pr to each oneing monastic rescript (CTO) is an companionship do by an authorised shrink for a psyche having mental illness and under instinctive treatment devote while not detained in an approved mental health services. However, this secernate does not affect patients in approved mental health services or a prisoner having mental illness (Mental Health Act, 1986).1.3. Community visitorThe Mental Health Act of 1986 stated that society visitors of each region are whom appointed by councils governor under recommendation directly from the minister.1.4. un go awayed PatientMental Health Act (1986) specified a patient being subject to an involuntary, community or hospital transfer treatment order as an involuntary patient. This particular patient is also influenced by some conditions under section 12 and section 93 of the Act.1.5. Mental IllnessMental illness refers to a individual who is medically and mentally ill with significant disturbance of thought, perception, cognition, mood or memory (Mental Health Act, 1986).1.6 Mental Health look into BoardMental Health Review Board is the Board established under theMental Health Act to conduct reviews of, and hear appeals by, involuntarily treated psychiatric patients either as inpatients or on community treatment ord ers (Mental Health At, 1986).Question 2. (5 marks)Using your reading of the Victorian MH Act explain the involuntary portal accomplish for a soulfulness who is suspected to have a mental illness. Ensure you mention the correct reverberates that lead be requiredThe involuntary gateway process for a soulfulness suspected having a mental illness is detailed with the following stepsAdmission and detention for an involuntary patient can only occur in a public funded approved psychiatric hospital. This patient whitethorn be admitted or detained according to the Mental Health Act only if he or she presents or appears with psychological illness and need immediate treatment that can be achieved by admission to and detention in an approved mental health service. Additionally, in order to improve or prevent a deterioration in physiological or medical conditions of that patient and protect the public members, the patient may be admitted to an approved mental health service to receive ad equate and appropriate treatment rather than hang in in less restrictive of that soulfulnesss freedom and action.The person involve to be referred to a registered medical practician by himself or herself, family, relatives, health professional officers, guard personnel or others related to the referral. Medical practitioner satisfies that person meets the criteria for involuntary treatment which is under section 8(1) of the Mental Health Act 1986. Otherwise, he impart either provide the service or refer the examined patient to other mental health or health services.A request form mustiness be completed by the person, who is over the ages of 18 geezerhood, making request for the admission and a recommendation signed by registered medical practitioner following patients examination made not more than three days prior to the admission of that patient. The request and recommendation cannot be signed by the same person making the recommendation.Consequently, the patient who is s ubject to an involuntary treatment order is taken to an approved mental health service by practice of police force officers, ambulance, every(prenominal) person authorised by the person making the request or arrangement admission made by that approved mental health services.At the approved mental health service, the registered medical practitioner who is employed by this health service or mental health practitioner must confine an involuntary treatment order under section 12AA(2) and necessarily detain patient for his or her own safety according to section 12AA(4) of the Victorian Mental Health Act 1986. The registered medical practitioner can possibly release the person from detention to await examination by the authorised psychiatric if they suspected the criteria in section 8(1) of the Act and consulted with the authorised psychiatric involving section 12AA(5). Then, authorised psychiatrist will examine the person as soon as after the recorder making the involuntary treatme nt order or deep down 24 hours following the order to confirm the involuntary admission (Mental Health Act, 1986, s. 12AC). If the consultant is whether snug with the criteria under section 8(1) or not, he or she will either discharge the person from the order or confirm the involuntary treatment order. In addition, the authorised psychiatrist confirm the involuntary treatment order under subsection 2(b), the CTO can be placed on the person under section 14 (Mental Health Act, 1986, s. 12AC). Question 3. (5 marks)Thinking or so the forms and roles and responsibilities of state who may be associated with an involuntary admission of a person under the MH Act, what roles could the following people have and what forms would they be able to complete3.1. Carer of a family member who has a mental illnessThe Mental Health Act (1986) suggested that a sharer has the authorization to make a request to a registered medical practitioner for admitting an involuntary patient. He or she has t he responsibility to take or authorizes any person, for example a community nurse, either taking the person to an approved mental health service or arranging for one to admit the person. The carer is able to complete the Request for soulfulness to Receive Involuntary Treatment from an Approved Mental Health Service form under schedule 1prespribed by the Mental Health Regulations 1998 to the registered medical practitioner employed by an approved mental health service or a mental health practitioner. 3.2. Community Mental Health Nurse In case of the registered medical practitioner is unavailable for a reasonable period of time for making the recommendation, the person may be taken to an approved mental health service for examination after being assessed by an mental health nurse who must complete an Authority to transport without recommendation form under schedule 3 of the Mental Health Regulations 1998 (Mental Health Act, 1986).3.3. General PractitionerThe general practitioner has the responsibility to make a recommendation in a prescribe form which is Recommendation for a person to receive involuntary treatment form a approved mental health services form following a the persons examination (Mental health Act, 1986, s. 9) (Victoria Government, 2009) 3.4. RegistrarRegistrar who is a medical practitioner employed by an approved mental health service is responsible for assessing the person according to the request and recommendation. He or she has to make the involuntary treatment order under section 12AA(2) and detain patient for safetry issue according to section 12AA(4) of the Victorian Mental Health Act 1986. The registrar may release that person to await for the psychiatrists examination if they suspect the criteria in section 8(1) of the Act applying to the person and consulted with the authorised psychiatrist involving section 12AA(5) (Mental Health Act, 1986, s. 12). The registrar has the authority o complete the following formsSchedule 4 underframe 1 Restraint for the purposes of safely transporting a person to an approved mental health serviceSchedule 4 Form 2 Sedation for the purposes of safely transporting a person to an approved mental health service Schedule 6 Involuntary treatment order. (Victoria Government, 2009, Schedules section)3.5. ConsultantA consultant stiff(a)s a authorised psychiatrist who should examine the person as soon as after the registrar making the involuntary treatment order or deep down 24 hours following the order to confirm the involuntary admission (Mental Health Act, 1986, s. 12AC). If the consultant is whether satisfied with the criteria under section 8(1) or not, he or she will either discharge the person from the order or confirm the involuntary treatment order. In addition, the authorised psychiatrist confirm the involuntary treatment order under subsection 2(b), the CTO can be placed on the person under section 14 (Mental Health Act, 1986, s. 12AC). Under the power of the Mental Health Ac t 1986 section 12AD, the authorised psychiatrist may give written consent on behalf of the involuntary patient if this patient refuses to necessary treatment or unable to consent to the treatment for his or her mental disorders. The authorised psychiatrist has the authority o complete the following forms MHA1 Examination of involuntary patient by authorised psychiatristMHA3 Examination of security / involuntary / forensic patient by authorised psychiatristMHA4 Treatment planMHA6 Community treatment orderMHA16 Discharge from involuntary patient status. (Victoria Government, 2009, Mental Health Act Forms section).Question 4. (4 marks)Once a person has been received under the MH Act under what band can an emergency registrar administer sedation?If the emergency registrar believe that it is essential to sedate the person in order to take him or her to the approved mental health service safely. The emergency registrar is also able to direct an authorised person to administer sedati ve medications to the patient. In addition, they must specify the particulars required by the prescribed form and deal with this form according to the regulations (Mental Health Act, 1986, s.10). Question 5. (2 marks)A patient must be seen by a Psychiatrist to confirm admission as an involuntary patient. Once a patient is received what time frame must be spy for the psychiatrical review?The authorised psychiatrist should examine the patient as soon as the involuntary treatment order is made by a medical practitioner employed by the approved mental health service or within 24 hours following the order (Mental Health Act, 1986, s.12AC). Therefore, the patient should be observed in that time frame until he or she being seen by the authorised psychiatrist. Question 6. (4 marks) (section 15 )If a person is pink-slipped from the inpatient unit on a Community Treatment Order, what restrictions can be placed on the patient?If the authorised psychiatrist considers that it is appropriate a nd for the unspoiled and wellness of patient, the psychiatrist can discharge him or her from the approved mental health service on CTO. The person who had the community treatment order upon is influenced during the age of the order which is not over 12 months. The person has to stay where it is specified by the order for the treatment. The order sets out the term that a person must accept therapy and medication, conselling, management, rehabilitation and other related health services while living in the coummity. The person is provided compulsory care authorised by the CTO. In case of the person breaches the CTO by not complying with the conditions, the person may be taken to a mental health service and disposed appropriate treatment and care (New South Wales Government, 2007, what is a community treatment order (CTO)? section).Question 7. (4 marks)How often must a Community Treatment Order be reviewed and what is the maximal length of time a Community Treatment Order can be imp osed?At least once a month, the supervising psychiatrist or a medical practitioner such as general practitioner will visit you to decide whether the order should continue or not. If the psychiatrist, at the end of three months period, can extend the order for another three months (Government of Western Australia, 2005, what will happen while I am on the order? section).A CTO can be made for period of up to 12 months and ends on the date stated on the order and if no date is stated, it will expire 12 months after the order was made (New South Wales Government, 2007, when does a CTO sire to an end?).Question 8. (5 marks)What is a particular(prenominal) Warrant and what powers does this provide?Special Warrant apply where a member of the police force or any other person has reasonable ground to believe a person who appears mentally ill is unable to care for him or herself due to mental illness. In this case, the member of police force or that other person may give information oath t o a magistrate (Mental Health Act, 1986, 11, para. 5) and seek a special warrant.Under section 12 of The Mental Act (1986), a police forces member who accompanied by a registered medical practitioner is authorised and directed by the magistrate in the form of a special warrant in the prescribed form to visit and examine the person. Additionally, police personnel who act under special warrant with assistance as required have authority to legally enter any premise and use such force as necessary so that the registered medical practitioner can examine that person (Mental Heal Act, 1986, 12).Question 9. (5 marks) (No need to cite references for these answers)True or False9.1. A patient can be detained in a Private Psychiatric Hospital bed as an involuntary patientFalse. A patient who is under involuntary treatment order can only be detained in a public funded approved psychiatric hospital.9.2. The Victorian Mental Health Act makes provision for voluntary patientsFalse. Admission of volu ntary patients has been deleted by the amendment of 1995. As a result, they are treated as other voluntary patients and need consent to all treatments provided.9.3. Any patients can be given Electro Convulsive Therapy against their consent.False.Written consent need from the patients to perform electro convulsive therapy. 9.4. Any one who commits violent acts in the Emergency Room can be restrainedTrue. A person doing harm to him or herself ,patients, staffs other surrounding people in the emergency room will be restrained for safety issue.9.5. An involuntary patient who refuses required surgical treatment can have this imposed upon them by the PsychiatristFalse. For major medical or surgical mathematical functions, the psychiatrist needs consent from the Guardian and Administration Board.9.6. lobotomy is legal in Victoria.True. In Australia, psychosurgery is performed by a select group of neurosurgeons. In Victoria, each individual operation must receive the consent of a Review Board before it may proceed.9.7. Patients who have difficulty with budgeting can have their accounts taken over by the Guardianship mesaFalse. The Guardianship board appoint another person who is managing patients account.9.8. Patients can not be kept in seclusion for more than 15 minutesFalse. For the purpose of safety and treatment, the patient can be restrained until he or she settle down.9.9. The Psychiatrist must send a report of all seclusion that has occurred within a 12 month period to the Chief Psychiatrists Office.False.The psychiatrist has to send a report each month.9.10. Electroconvulsive therapy is to a course of not more than 6 treatments given over a period with not more than 7 days elapsing between any 2 treatmentsTrue. It is what described in electroconvulsive therapy.Question 10. (10 marks)List 10 of the reasons why a person is not to be considered to have a mental illness and write a brief paragraph explaining why this is for each of these 10 reasonsAs stated in the Victorian Mental Health Act 1986 under section 8(2), a person is not considered to have mental illness due to the following reasonsThe person put forwardes or refuses or fails to express a particular political opinion or belief (Section 8(2)).In Victoria, the law inhibits discrimination against people be parkway of their actual or assumed political beliefs. (Victorian Equal Opportunity Human Rights Commission, 2007, para. 1)The person expresses or refuses or fails to express a particular religious opinion or belief (Section 8(2)).Freedom of religion and belief is a basic homosexual rights which is protected by a number of world(prenominal) treaties and declarations that include article 18(1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Australian Human Rights Comission, What is the freedom of religion and belief? section, para. 1)The person expresses or refuses or fails to express a particular sexual reference or sexual orientation (Section 8(2)).In 1973, be cause the influence of empirical data and changes in social norms along with the phylogeny of a political active gay community in the United States, the Board of Directors of the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality form the diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The empirical evidence and professionals norm do not take for that homosexuality is a form of mental illness. (Gregory, 2009, Removal from the DSM section, para. 1) The person engages in or refuses or fails to engage in a particular political activity (Section 8(2)).Political activity refer to a whether a person participate or refuse to take part in a lawful political activity (Victorian Equal Opportunity Human Rights Commission, 2007, What does political beliefs and activities mean? section, para. 1).The person engages in or refuses or fails to engage in a particular religious activity (Section 8(2)).In a major research of Cruz et al. (2010), in the United States, many people use activity as a form of coping with life stresses. Over half of American population be the religions importance very high in their lives, attent religious activities regularly and pray daily. The person engages in immoral conduct (Section 8(2)).As an example, incest is defined as any sexuality between closely related people uncouthly within an immediate family, which is either illegal or social taboo (Incest, 2009, Definition section, para. 1)The person engages in illegal conduct (Section 8(2)).Criminality is specifically not a medical or psychiatric term, diagnosis, illness, or syndrome. The term refers to a pattern of human behavior or a specific act violating a law (Menaster, 2008, introduction section, para. 1).The person is intellectual disable (Section 8(2)).Intellectual disability is a developmental disorder which affect almost one per cent of the population, where people have significantly more difficulty than others in understanding concepts and solving problems. It is not a mental illness (Government of South Australia, p.1)The person takes drugs or alcohol (Section 8(2)).Alcohol usually refers to drinks such as beer, wine, or spirits containing ethyl alcohol a substance that can cause drunkenness and changes in consciousness, mood, and emotions. Its effects lead to so many accidents, injuries, diseases, and disruptions in the family life of everyday Australians (Australia Government, para. 1). However, alcohol abuse should be consider mental illness.The person has an antisocial personality (Section 8(2)).The person expresses anti-social behaviour includes abusive or noisy neighbors, littering and graffiti (Directgov, para. 1) Question 11. (10 marks)An involuntary patient is found dead in a seclusion room by you? What is a reportable last and what are the responsibilities of the registered nurse?Coroners Act (2008) defined reportable death is a particular category of death which is investigated by a coroner according to the Act and it is consider ed reportable if it meets one the following criteriaThe eubstance, the death or the cause of death of the person is founded in Victoria.The person ordinarily stayed in Victoria when death occurs with unnatural, unexpected and resulted from a direct or indirect injury or accident.The death happen during or after following a medical procedure and this was not expected by the registered medical practitioner before the procedures operation.The identity element of the death person is not known.The medical practitioner himself or herself has not signed or not likely to sign a death certificate. finale occurred outsite Victoria and the cause is not certified.The death of a person influenced under the Mental Health Act 1986 or under controlled, cared or custody of the secretarial assistant to the Deparment of Justice or a member of the police force.Death of person who is subject to non-custodial supervision order under section 26 of the Crimes (Mental Impairment and inability to be Trie d) Act 1997 (Coroners Act, 2008).In the context of a patient found is death in a seclusion room, registered nurses particle 1 or division 3 (Division 2 nurses are excluded) can verify death since the law do not inhibit them for taking this role. Verify death means capably undertake a clinical assessment of the death body to establish death has occurred (Victoria Government, 2009, p. 1). As guideline in Victoria Government (2004), the dead body should be disturbed as little as possible and the nurse is to inform the authorised psychiatrist and next of kin or carer of the death. The States Coroners Office is mean to be contacted for all reportable deaths occurred under the Coroner Act 1985. After copying the clinical record, the registered nurse is able to send the original or any other materials requested to the Coroner. The nursing staffs involved should provide appropriate and adequate support and debriefing to people affected by the death such as family, friends, staffs and thos e who have witnessed the death (Victoria Government, 2004, procedure to be followed in the event of a reportable death, para. 5). In case of patient died because of violence or suicide, chef psychiatrist needs to be notified on the day of the death and staff involve in the death should conduct a clinical review of the persons treatment and management (Victoria Government, 2004, procedure to be followed in the event of a reportable death, para. 6-9). Question 12. (10 marks)List the Axis contained within the DSM-IV (TR) and provide details of the focus of each including an example of a diagnosis that might be found on each of the Axis. Axis I Clinical Disorders Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of clinical AttentionAmerican Psychiatric Association (APA) of 2000 stated that Axis I focus on all the conditions and various disorders included in the Classification turn out for mental retardation and personality disorders. An example of this is schizophrenia.Axis II Personality Disorder s Mental RetardationIn a subject by APA (2000), Axis II reports personality disorders and mental health retardation and also used for noting prominent maladaptive personality features and defense mechanisms. Personality disorders and mental retardation are listed in separated axis to ensure consider given to the presence of these two that might otherwise be overlooked when attention is directed to the more usual axis. For instance, borderline personality disorder is included in axis II.Axis III General Medical ConditionsThis one describes general current medical conditions which are potentially related to the understanding or management of individuals mental disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2000).Axis IV Psychological and Environmental ProblemsIn a major study (APA, 2000), Axis IV is identified for reporting psychosocial and environmental problems that are likely to affect the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of mental disorders classified within Axis I and Axis II. A psychosocial and environmental problem is possibly a negative life event, a familiar or other interpersonal stress, insufficiency or inadequate of social assistance pr personal resources or other problem related to the context where a persons difficulties have real. In addition, psychosocial is possibly developed as a result of a persons psychopathology or may constitute problems that are considered in the overall management plan (APA, 2010). For instance, problems with primary support group.Axis V Global Assessment of FunctioningAPA (2010) suggested that Axis V is used for reporting the clinicians judgment regarding a persons overall function level. This is helpful for planning treatment and measuring its impacts, also predicting the outcomes. The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Scale is used as an appropriated choice in order to report the overall run of Axis V. In a research by APA (2010), this scale is rated respectably among psychological, social, occupational funct ioning and is not applied to impairment in functioning because of physical or environmental limitations. For example, GAF = 12 indicate some dangers of hurting self or others (e.g. frequently violent.) or occasional fails to maintain personal hygiene (e.g. post faeces.) or gross impairment in communication (e.g. largely incoherent or mute) (APA, 2010). Question 13. (30 marks)Search the world wide web for Hildergaurd Peplau and do a search for her publication. Write at least 4 pages about her life, her a priori frameworks, her publications and her major contributions to Mental Health nursing. LifeHildergaurd Peplau was born in Reading, Pennsylvania , and in the year of 1909. She is the second child and middle daughter of immigrant parents who are an authoritarian father and a dedicated but emotionally remote mother preserving in a difficult marriage with the comfort of music and religion, and more acceptable in her time and place by immersing herself in baking and meticulous head quarters making (Callaway, 2002). During childhood, Peplau was a child with intellectual curiosity, but stifled and physically abused by her domineering mother. The occur of World War I made her family even more difficult along with persecution form their neighbous due to their German immigrant roots Cite.Her chosen nursing career had little to do with the idea of providing care for sick people. In Reading, she had worked as a bookkeeper, store clerk and payroll clerk while finishing courses at a business school and graduating as class valedictorian in 1928. Hildergard Peplau herself did not work in hospital or as private-nursing duty after successfully completing her nursing training. On the other hand, she found and a job as a staff nurse at Vermonts new elite but progressively to Bennington College. Callaway (2002) stated that because of her broad impressive work, the college president decided to suspend admission requirement and admit Peplau for a degree course major in psychol ogy. During World War II, Peplau enlisted into the U.S ground forces Nurse Corps and was posted to a psychiatric hospital in England with the purpose of treating scarred the soldiers and those with battle-fatigue sent back from the front lines (Callaway, 2002). She was always at the middle of conflict and usually endured great personal hardship. She earned the nursing diploma, baccalaureate, masters and doctoral degrees and ultimately rose to the top of her profession. Unfortunate y, she was disappointed by the lack of vision among co-workers and repeatedly betrayed by professional friends and sabotaged by the nursing leaders. Consequently, she decided to retired in 1974 from the faculty Rudgers University and sadden that all her years effort had seemingly come to naught. During the 25 years between the retirement from Rudgers University and her death in 1999, She was awarded no less than nine honorary doctorates and was honored by the American Nurses Association with the fundamen tal law of the Peplau Hildegard Award, recognizing continuous contribution to the nursing profession (Callaway, 2002, p. 2). In addition, she received both the nursing highest honors that are the Christiane Reimann Prize and the only nurse so recognised within Fifty Great Americans designated by Marquis Whos Who in 1997. Within her lifetime, she also earned the celebrity of being acknowledged by the American Academy of Nursing as a Living Legend and an unofficial designation recognised by the University of California at Los Angeles as Psychiatric Nurse of the Century. However, her lifes account is not well known in nursing professional.Hildegard Peplaus professional life included6 years of general and private-duty nursing, 7 years as a student and the nurse in charge at the health service at Bennington College, 3 years in the Army Nurse Corps, 5 years at Teachers College of Columbia University, 1 year as a practicing therapist, 20 years as a professor at Rudgers University, and 1 y ear as Execituve Director and 2 years as President of the American Nurses Association the only person ever to serve in both positions. (Callaway, 2004, p. 6)Theoretical FrameworksPeplau had shown her theoretical framework for psychodynamic nursing in a manuscripts entitled Interpersonal Relations in Nursing which is published in 1952. It defined elements that are person, environment, health and nursing, and discussed about phases of the interpersonal process between nurse and patient. She also revealed variety in nurses role during the course of contact (Landry, 2009).In a recent studies of Alice Landry (2009), phases of the interpersonal process according to Peplaus theory consist of four sequential phase that are orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution. There are related factors influence the orientation component of the experience such as personal values, cultures, beliefs, expectations and past related incidents.Role of nurses as described theatrically by Pepl au are stranger, teacher, resourse person, counselor, surrogate and leader. Secondary roles play included adept expert, mediatoe, safety agent, researcher, tutor, and manager of environment. Publicati

Medicalization for understanding shifting ideas about health and illness

Medicalization for understanding shifting moods closely health and infirmityMedicalization is term for the erroneous tendency by society- a good deal perpetuated by health professionals to view effects of socioeconomic disadvantage as pu deposit checkup issues. It is the handle by which human conditions and problems cut to be secured and treated asmedical conditionsand problems, and indeed come under the consent of doctors and otherhealth professionalsto study,diagnose,preventortreat. The member of medicalization can be driven by new evidence or theories about conditions, or by organic evolutions in fond attitudes or economic considerations, or by the development of new purportedtreatments. Medicalization is often claimed to bring benefits, lonesome(prenominal) overly costs, which may not always be clear. Medicalization is examine in terms of the manipulation and power ofprofessions, patients and corporations, and also for its implications for ordinary people whose self-identity and life-decisions may compute on the dominant suppositions ofhealthandillness. Once a condition is classed as medical, a medicaltends to be used rather than asocial model. Medicalization may also be termed pathologization (frompathology), or in some casesdisease mongering.The concept of medicalization has educated the sociology of health and illness for many years now. Typically, it has been deliberated and examined with critical nuance, though some key thinkers deep down the discipline carry suggested that it is not unequivocally banish. Conrad criticised and disputed that the development and growth of medical authority into domains of every daytime existence was promoted by doctors and was a force of social control that was to be rejected in the shout out of liberation (Conrad 1973). Medicalization describes a functioning by which non-medical problems become defined and treated as medical problems, commonly in terms of illness or disorders (Gabe et al. 200 459) and likewise be simply classified ad as a procedure of profitd medical intervention into argonas which would more than often than not be outside of the medical province.The termmedicalization engraveed academic and medical publications in the 1970s, for example in the works of figures such as diaphysis ConradandThomas Szasz. They pleadd that the expansion of medical authority into domains of everyday existence was promoted by doctors and was a force of social control that was to be rejected in the name ofliberation. This critique was embodied in now-classic works such as Conrads The discovery of hyperkinesis notes on medicalization of deviance, published in 1973 (hyperkinesiswas the term then used to describe what we efficacy now callADHD).Medicalization explains a situation which had been previously explained in a moral, religious or social terms now become defined as the subject of medical and scientific knowledge.Many years ago for example some children were deemed and regarded as knobbed, misbehaving and unruly. Some adults were shy and men who were balding just wore hats to report it. And that was that. Nevertheless, nowadays all these descriptions could and possibly would be attributed to a type of illness or disease and be fork upn a diagnosis or euphony to treat it in some cases. Medicalization explains this. Likewise, medicalization has been applied to a whole variety of problems that have come to be defined as medial, ranging from childbirth and the change of life done to alcoholism and homosexuality (Gabe et al. 2006 59). Furthermore, the term explains the process in where particular characteristics of every day life become medically explained, thus come under the authority of doctors and otherhealth professionals to study,diagnose,preventand ortreat the problem.Originally, the concept of medicalisation was strongly associated with medical dominance, involving the extension of medicines jurisdiction over erstwhile normal life events and experiences. much recently, however, this view of a docile lay populace, in thrall to expansionist medicine, has been challenged. Thus, as we enter a post- new-fashioned era, with increased concerns over risk and a drop in the trust of expert authority, many sociologists argue that the modern day consumer of healthcare plays an active role in bringing about or resisting medicalisation. such(prenominal) participation, however, can be problematic as healthcare consumers become increasingly aware of the risks and uncertainty surrounding many medical choices. The emergence of the modern day consumer not only raises interrogatives about the supposition of medicalisation as a uni-dimensional concept, but also requires consideration of the specific social contexts in which medicalisation occurs. In this paper, we describe how the concept of medicalisation is presented in the literature, outlining different accounts of agency that shape the process. We suggest that some earlier acco unts of medicalisation over-emphasized the medical professions imperialistic tendencies and often underplayed the benefits of medicine. With consideration of the social context in which medicalisation, or its converse, arises, we argue that medicalisation is a much more complex, ambiguous, and contested process than the medicalisation thesis of the 1970s implied. In particular, as we enter a post-modern era, conceptualizing medicalisation as a uni-dimensional, kindred process or as the result of medical dominance alone is clearly insufficient. Indeed, if, as Conrad and Schneider (1992) suggested, medicalisation was linked to the rise of rationalism and science (ie to modernity), and if we are experiencing the termination of modernity, we might expect to confabulate a decrease in medicalisation.The idea of medicalization is perhaps related only indirectly to social constructionanism, in that it does not question the basis of medical knowledge as such, but challenges its applicatio n. Nettleton continues and states that is draws attention to the fact that medicine operates as a powerful institution of social control (Nettleton 2006 25). It does this by claiming expertise in areas in life which previously were not regarded as medical problems or matters. This includes such life stages such as ageing, childbirth, alcohol ingestion and childhood behaviour moreover, the availability of new pharmacological treatments and genetic testing intensifies these processes thus it constructs, or redefines, aspects of normal life as medical problems. (Conrad and Schneider 1990 as cited in Nettleton 2006 25).Medicalization can occur on three different and particular levels according to Conrad and Schneider (1980). The first was explained as conceptually when a medical vocabulary is used to define a problem. In some instances, doctors do not have to be involved and an example if this is AA.The second was the institutional level, institutionally, when organizations adopt a med ical feeler to treating a problem in which they specialise and the tierce was at the level of doctor patient interaction when a problem is defined as a medical and medical treatment occurs (as cited in Gabe et al 200459). These examples all involve doctors and their treatments directly, not including alcoholism which has other figures to help people such as the AA.The third level was the interactional level and this was where the problem, social problem, becomes defined as medical and medicalization occurs as part of a doctor-patient interaction.Medicalization shows the shifting ideas about health and illness. Health and illness does not only include such things as influenza or the cold, but deviant behaviours. Deviant behaviours which were once merely described as criminal, unrighteous or naughty before have now been labelled with medical meanings. Conrad and Schneider five-staged sequential process of medicalizing deviant behaviour.Stage one involves the behaviour itself as c reation deviant. Chronic drunkenness was regarded merely as highly undesirable, before it was medically labelled as chronic drunkenness. The second stage occurs when the medical predilection of a deviant behaviour is announced in a professional medical journey according to Conrad and Schneider.A prominent thinker in the idea of medicalization was Ivan Illich, who studied it profusely and was very influential, in fact existence one of the earliest philosophers to use the term medicalization. Illichs appraisal of professional medicine and particularly his use of the term medicalization lead him to become very influential within the discipline and is quoted to have said that Modern medicine is a negation of health. It isnt organized to serve human health, but only itself, as an institution. It makes more people sick than it heals.Illich attributed medicalization to the increasing professionalization and bureaucratization of medical institutions associated with industrialization (Gabe et al 2004 61). He supposed that due to the development of modern medicine, it created a reliance on medicine and doctors thus taking away peoples ability to look after themselves and engage in self care.In his bind Limits to medicine Medical nemesis (1975) Illich disputed that the medical profession in point of fact harms people in a process known asiatrogenesis. This can be elucidated as when there is an increase in illness and social problems as a direct result of medical intervention. Illich saw this occurring on three levels.The first was the clinical iatrogenesis. These involved seriousside-effectswhich were are often worse than the original condition. The negative effects of the clinical intervention outweighed the positive and it also conveyed the dangers of modern medicine. There were negative side effects of medicine and drugs, which included poisoning people. In addition, infections which could be caught in the hospital such as MRSA and errors caused my medical negligen ce.The second level was the social iatrogenesis whereby the general public is made submissive and reliant on the medical profession to help them cope with their life in society. Furthermore all suffering is hospitalised and medicine undermines health indirectly because of its impact on social organisation of society. In the process people cease to give birth, for example, be sick or die at homeAnd the third level is cultural iatrogenesis, which can also be referred to as the structural. This is where life processes such as aging and dying become medicalized which in the process creates a society which is not able to deal with natural life process thus becoming a culture of dependence. Moreover, people are dispossessed of their ability to cope with pain or bereavement for example as people rely on medicine and professionals. (Illick 1975)Sociologists such as Ehrenreich and English had argued that womens bodies were being medicalized.Menstruationandpregnancyhad come to be seen as medi cal problems requiring interventions such ashysterectomies. Nettleton furthered this notion and discussed this in relation to childbirth. The Medicalization of childbirth is as a result of professional dominance. She stated that the control of pregnancy and childbirth has been taken over by a predominantly male medical profession.Medicine can thus be regarded as patriarchal and exercising an undue social control over womens lives. From conception to the birth of the baby, the women are closely monitored thus medical monitoring and intervention in pregnancy childbirth are now routine processes. Childbirth is classified as a medical problem therefore it becomes conceptualized in terms of clinical safety, and women are encouraged to have their babies in hospitals. This consequently results in women being dependent on medical care.Nevertheless recent studies and evidence have shown that it may actually be safer to have babies at home because there would have been less susceptible to in fection and technocological interference (Oakley 1884, as cited in Nettleton 2006 26)Medicalization combines phenomenological and Marxist approaches of health and illness in that it considers definitions of illness to be products of social interactions or negotiations which are inherently unequal (Nettleton 2006 26). Marxism discussed medicalization and linked it with oppression, arguing that medicine can disguise the underlying causes of disease which include poverty and social inequality. In the process they see health as an individual problem, rather than a societys problem.Medicalization is studied in terms of the role and power ofprofessions, patients and corporations, and also for its implications for ordinary people whose self-identity and life-decisions may depend on the prevailing concepts ofhealth andillness. Once a condition is classed as medical, amedical model of disabilitytends to be used rather than asocial model. It constructs, or redefines, aspects of normal life as medical problems (Nettleton 2006 26).Medicalization has been referred to as the processes by which social phenomena come to be perceived and treated as illnesses. It is the process in by issues and experiences that have previously been accounted for in religious, moral, or social contexts then become defined as the subject of scientific medical knowledge.The idea itself questions the belief that physical conditions themselves constitute an illness. It argues that the classification and identification of diseases is socially constructed and. It has been suggested that medicine is seen as being instilled with subjective assumptions of the society in which it developed. Moreover, it argues that the classification and identification of diseases is socially constructed and, along with the rest of science, is far from achieving the ideals of objectivity and neutrality. The medical thesis has much to recommendincluding the creation of new understanding of the social processes involved in the development and response to medical diagnosis and treatmentTo understand the level of social power that the medical community exercises through medicalization, Conrad explains that physicians have medicalized social deviance. They accomplish this by claiming the medical basis of matters such as hyperactivity, madness, alcoholism and compulsive gambling Conrad, p 107. Bymedicalizingsocial matters, medical professionals have the power to legitimize negative social behavior, such as the case of suspected killers in judicial courts who claim temporary insanity and are, therefore, exonerated on medical basis Conrad, p 111. In extending this concept, the Endocrine Society may have medicalized social deviance in men who reduce their work motivation or become characteristically unpleasant because they are experiencing andropause. In effect, despondency in older men might become an indicator of male menopause rather than a possible indicator of social deviance.Physicians also play a dir ect and significant role in the medicalization of social experiences. In analyzing the doctor-patient interaction of medicalization, Kaw argues that medical professionals have medicalized racial features by encouraging ornamental surgery among Asian American women, for example, in order to avoid the stereotypical physical features of small and slanty eyes that are often associated with passivity, dullness and lack of sociability Kaw, p 75. Kaw asserts that plastic surgeons use medical terms to problematize the shape of their eyes so as to define it as a medical condition Kaw, p 81. Their use of technical terms and expressions should be questioned, especially since the power of such language influences Asian American women to pursue cosmetic surgery, when it is not necessary Kaw, p 82. Analogously, the Endocrine Society medicalized testosterone deficiency by defining it as Andropause this helped perpetuate the notion, among older individuals, that if they lack sexual drive or sense depression and fatigue, they should seek medical attention because they are experiencing an acute medical condition rather than a stage in the physiological cycle.The role played by the health care structures in medicalizing conditions is enhanced by that of the pharmaceutical industry. In order to achieve implementation of a drug in the market, the medicalization of a problem is critical Conrad, p 111. Once a medical definition for male menopause was established, the pharmaceutical company further medicalized the problem by launching strong advertisement campaigns aimed at older men and physicians alike, so as to popularize the drug among the general public and medical community Groopman, 2002. In aTimemagazine advertisement, the industry appealed to the emotions of older men by linking low sex drive to the decline of testosterone levels rather than to a life process Groopman 2002. In this manner, the pharmaceutical industries profit based ideology facilitates the medicalization of testosterone deficiency by popularizing conditions that may be exceedingly common among health product consumers.Medicalization also changes patients ideologies of biomedicine and leads them to think that biomedicine must not only offer cure for illnesses, but also offer life enhancements. Similar to the way that impotence and hair loss was medicalized by promoting drugs like Viagra to enhance sexual performance, and solutions like Rogaine for hair re-growth, male menopause has been medicalized because it causes low sex drive among other general symptoms Groopman, 2002. As a consequence, older men will opt to not only seek but demand life enhancements achievable through medicine disregard the fact that such treatments can be detrimental to health. In fact, Groopman states that known side effect of testosterone therapy include abnormal enlargement of the breasts, testicular shrinkage, congestive bosom failure and enlargement of the prostate gland Groopman, 2002. Medicalizing a pr oblem can be harmful and deadly, yet medical professionals perpetuate this dangerous behavior by medicalizing conditions that patients may seek to treat for their personal wellbeingIt is important to realize that medicalization is not merely the result of medical imperialism but rather the interactive process that involves society and the health community Conrad, p 115. It includes patients and doctors alike. Nonetheless, awareness of the mechanisms by which the medical community affects society is important because medicine pertains to all health consumers. Male menopause only serves as one of the many examples of life experiences that have become medicalized by the healthcare community.Concluding this essay, the concept of medicalization started with the medical dominance which involved the increase of medicines influence and labelling over things regarded as normal life events and experiences. However in recent time, this view of a submissive lay populace, in thrall to expansioni st medicine, has been challenged. As a consequence, as we enter a post-modern era, with increased concerns over risk and a decline in the trust of expert authority, many sociologists argue that the modern day consumer of healthcare plays an active role in bringing about or resisting medicalization. Furthermore Such participationcan be problematic as healthcare consumers become increasingly aware of the risks and uncertainty surrounding many medical choices. Moreover the emergence of the modern day consumer not only raises questions about the notion of medicalisation as a uni-dimensional concept, but also requires consideration of the specific social contexts in which medicalisation occurs (Ballard and Elston 2005). In addition they suggest that as we enter a post-modern era, conceptualizing medicalisation as a uni-dimensional or as the result of medical dominance primarily is insufficient.

Teaching Philosophy Statement Essay -- Philosophy of Teaching Educatio

Teaching Philosophy Statement Dewey defined education as the reconstruction and reorganization of experiences, which increases ones susceptibility to direct the course of subsequent experiences and these experiences can be both active and passive. However, according to Lindemand, the education experience is, first of both doing something second, doing something which makes a difference and third, perspicacious what difference it makes. While on the other hand Maxine Green said, to do educational philosophy is to become critically conscious of what is involved in the complex business of teaching and learning. As an individual who is anticipating becoming an educator in todays complex teaching field, my philosophy is one that will confer a blending of the educational foundations in which the concept of education was first introduced to the populus. From Platos idealism that the everyday world of things and objects is merely a fleeting, shadowy transcript of the true ideas which the soul carries which encourages students to seek a higher level of thinking (Hamm 1974, 212). Idealism also includes the cultural heritage and wisdom which each student should be encouraged to share by being knowledgeable about it, participating in sharing it and elaborating it through their own contributions in the classroom and in the community. Because all students should be motivated to seek their inner learning potential, they must also realize that rules and regulations are essential in our society if the concept of democracy is to pop off and be passed on to each new generation. Personal experiences and scientific methods through empirical, objective, and experiments with precise measurements are a common sense appro... ... learning and teaching past one must be committed to the establishment of discipline standards for teachers and students. If as a teacher, I am to use the Education Goals as a edifice foundation, then as a member of t he teaching profession, I must at the beginning of my career have a commitment to establish national teaching standards and an accurate way to assess the students. These standards must take into account the wishes, desires, and rules that involve parents, local communities, sate and federal requirements regarding funding resources. These standards must provide for real-time with students, time which allows for a cooperating relationship to develop between teacher and student which will afford a true learning environment that includes appropriate lose systems, and a caring friendly attitude to the customer who uses the public school system.

The Effects of Prejudice Essay -- Racism Essays

Evolutionary theory suggests that in order to prevent contact with deadly pathogens, people identify and avoid heuristic cues that atomic number 18 associated with disease (Schaller, 2011). Further, people who feel most vulnerable to disease tend to associate subjectively alien out-groups with disease and act more negatively toward them (Faulkner, Schaller, Park & Duncan, 2004). The negative effects of prejudice are both physical and psychological People who reported being subjected to prejudice also had greater amounts of splanchnic fat (Lewis, Kravitz, Janssen & Powell, 2011) and ambiguous racism decreased peoples performance in cognitive tasks (Salvatore & Shelton, 2007). Hence, it is of obvious return to society to reduce prejudice and alleviate these detrimental outcomes.Combining this past research, Huang, Sedlovskaya, Ackerman and Bargh (2011) reported across three studies a significant correlation between current health interventions, such as vaccination and handwash ing, and reducing prejudice. Their studies, however, indicate that it is the perceived protection from disease which is important in reducing prejudice, which limits the extent that health interventions unaccompanied will impact prejudice. Further it will be argued that other factors, such as the prolific nature of disease and alternative causes of prejudice, limit how meaningful these findings are in realistically impacting on social prejudice. A reasonable alternative that will be discussed is that any threat or perceived harm, not all disease-based, towards an in-group may produce xenophobic attitudes.In study one Huang et al. (2011) examined the effects of vaccination status on reported racism. They reported that when confronted with disease, unvaccinated part... ...61Lewis, T. T., Kravitz, H. M., Janssen, I. & Powell, L. H. (2011). Self-reported experiences of discrimination and visceral fat in middle-aged African American and Caucasian women. American Journal of Epidemiolog y, 173, 1223-1231. Retrieved from http//aje.oxfordjournals.org/Salvatore, J. & Shelton, J. N. (2007). Cognitive costs of exposure to racial prejudice. Psychological Science, 18, 810-815. DOI 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01984.xSchaller, M. (2011). The behavioural immune system and the psychology of human sociology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 366, 3418-3426. DOI 10.1098/rstb.2011.0029Schaller, M., Park, J. H., & Mueller, A. (2003). Fear of the dark Interactive effects of beliefs about danger and close darkness on ethnic stereotypes. Journal for Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 637-649. DOI 10.1177/0146167203029005008